Microsurgical anatomy of the facial nerve

The facial nerve connections and pathways from the cortex to the brainstem are intricate and complicated. The extra‐axial part of the facial nerve leaves the lateral part of the pontomedullary sulcus and enters the temporal bone through the internal acoustic meatus. In the temporal bone, the facial nerve branches into fibers innervating the glands and tongue. After it emerges from the temporal bone it supplies various facial muscles. It contains a motor, general sensory, special sensory, and autonomic components. The physician needs comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy and courses of the facial nerve to diagnose and treat lesions and diseases of it so that surgical complications due to facial nerve injury can be avoided. This review describes the microsurgical anatomy of the facial nerve and illustrates its anatomy in relation to the surrounding bone, connective, and neurovascular structures.     

基于CT图像的评分模型预测食管鳞癌喉返神经旁淋巴结转移风险

目的:基于原发肿瘤及淋巴结CT特征建立评分模型预测食管鳞癌患者喉返神经旁淋巴结(RLN-LN)转移风险。方法:回顾性收集2014年1月至2019年12月于北京大学肿瘤医院行食管癌根治术并清扫RLN-LN的92例食管鳞癌患者。根据术后淋巴结病理结果分为RLN-LN转移组(n=37)和非转移组(n=55)。评估术前CT图像,记录食管癌患者年龄、性别、分化程度、肿瘤位置、肿瘤大小(肿瘤长度、肿瘤厚度、厚度/长度)、RLN-LN大小(淋巴结短径、长径、短径/多平面重建(MPR)最长径]。采用多元logistic回归筛选独立预测因子并建立评分模型,采用ROC曲线评估评分模型及独立预测因子诊断RLN-LN转移的效能,采用Z检验比较曲线下面积(AUC)的差异。应用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验和校准曲线评估模型拟合度。结果:肿瘤位置、肿瘤长度、RLN-LN短径、短径/MPR最长径是RLN-LN转移的独立预测因子,其诊断RLN-LN转移的AUC分别为0.586、0.705、0.831、0.777。基于以上4个CT特征建立评分模型,评分模型诊断RLN-LN转移的AUC为0.903(95%CI 0.846~0.959),优于各单一CT特征(Z=5.812,P<0.001;Z=2.161,P=0.030;Z=2.929,P=0.003;Z=4.052,P<0.001)。拟合优度Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果显示P=0.555,校准曲线提示评分模型预测RLN-LN转移风险与实际转移风险之间具有良好的一致性。结论:基于CT图像的评分模型有助于食管鳞癌RLN-LN转移状态危险分层。     

枕下三角的超声解剖学研究

目的探讨枕下三角境界及内容物的检查方法与超声解剖学特点,为临床检查枕下三角提供超声影像学资料。方法对100例健康成年人枕下区进行超声检查,描述枕下三角境界的超声判定及解剖关系;阐述枕大神经的走行特点,测量头下斜肌表面枕大神经的横截面积;记录椎动脉V3段管腔内径(D)、收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张期末流速(EDV)、阻力指数(PI)。结果 (1)寰椎后结节左侧约1 cm处纵切声像图显示寰椎后弓呈"短弧形"强回声,其后上方为头后大直肌、后下方为头下斜肌,三者分别构成枕下三角的底、内上界和外下界。(2)寰椎侧块处纵切声像图显示侧块为"平台样"强回声结构,其后方为椎动脉V3段、下方紧接寰椎后弓;后弓后方为头下斜肌、后上方为头上斜肌,头上斜肌构成三角的外上界,后弓与椎动脉V3段之间为枕下神经所在区域。(3)枕大神经长轴声像图显示神经从头下斜肌下缘发出后向内上走行于头下斜肌及头后大直肌与头半棘肌之间;不同性别头下斜肌表面枕大神经横截面积两侧比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(4)寰椎侧块处横切声像图显示椎动脉V3段呈"倒U形"绕侧块进入枕骨大孔,排除发育不良者,测V3段D为(3.52±0.39)mm、PSV及EDV分别为(43.33±9.05)、(21.87±5.86)cm/s、RI为(0.49±0.11)。结论超声是检查枕下三角及其内容物的理想方法。     

腰椎旁神经阻滞联合全凭静脉全身麻醉对髋关节置换术患者血流动力学、应激反应、术后苏醒的影响

目的观察腰椎旁神经阻滞联合全凭静脉全身麻醉对髋关节置换术患者血流动力学、应激反应、术后苏醒的影响。方法选取2018年1月—2019年8月我院收治的行髋关节置换术患者115例,根据手术麻醉方法的不同分为观察组60例和对照组55例,观察组予腰椎旁神经阻滞联合全凭静脉全身麻醉,对照组仅予全凭静脉全身麻醉。比较两组麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后10 min(T1)、麻醉后30 min(T2)、术毕(T3)时平均动脉压、心率、去甲肾上腺素及肾上腺素水平变化,术后清醒镇静效果和苏醒时间,以及两组手术期间不良反应发生情况。结果观察组T1、T2、T3时平均动脉压、心率与T0时比较虽略有升高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组T1、T2、T3时平均动脉压、心率与T0时比较均升高,且以T2时平均动脉压、心率最高,T3时又回落至T1时水平,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。T1、T2、T3时观察组平均动脉压、心率均低于对照组(P<0.05)。T1、T2、T3时两组去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素均较T0时升高,且观察组相同时间点去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。观察组术后唤醒时警觉/镇静评分低于对照组,苏醒时间明显短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组手术期间总不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论腰椎旁神经阻滞联合全凭静脉全身麻醉用于髋关节置换术可有效防止患者血流动力学指标的波动,减轻手术应激反应程度,术后苏醒快,术后苏醒质量佳,且未增加手术期间不良反应的发生。     

超声引导PVNB对老年食道癌开胸患者术后镇痛、应激及炎性因子水平的影响

目的 探讨超声引导下连续椎旁神经阻滞(PVNB)对老年食道癌开胸手术患者术后镇痛、应激及炎性因子水平的影响。方法 选取我院拟实施全麻下开胸手术的90例食道癌开胸手术患者作为研究对象,其中45例患者术前采用超声引导下PVNB麻醉复合全身麻醉(PVNB组)、对照组45例患者采用全身麻醉；两组患者术后均采用静脉自控镇痛(对照组)；对比两组患者术后2h、6h、24h及48h静息状态、咳嗽状态下的视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS),术后镇痛药物用量及镇痛药物不良反应发生情况,术前及术后24h血清去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)、皮质醇(Cor)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)差异及术后肺部感染发生情况。结果 PVNB组患者和对照组在术后2h～术后48h的静息VAS评分及咳嗽VAS评分组间比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),PVNB组术后2h、6h及24h静息VAS评分及咳嗽VAS评分均高于对照组(P>0.05)。PVNB组患者术后的镇痛泵按压次数、舒芬太尼用量均低于对照组(P<0.05),PVNB组患者术后的镇痛泵按压次数、舒芬太尼用量均低于对照组(P<0.05),术前两组患者的血清NE、E、Cor水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)；术后两24h两组患者血清NE、E、Cor水平均较术前增高(P>0.05),术后24h PVNB组的血清NE、E、Cor水平低于对照组(P<0.05),术前两组患者的血清IL-6、TNF-α水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)；术后24h两组患者血清IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α水平均较术前增高(P<0.05),PVNB组的血清IL-6、TNF-α水平低于对照组(P<0.05),PVNB组术后发生肺部感染2例,发生率为4.4%,对照组术后发生肺部感染6例,发生率为13.3%,PVNB组术后肺部感染发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 超声引导下PVNB能够改善老年食道癌开胸患者术后镇痛效果,减轻手术创伤所致的应激反应,较少患者术后肺部感染的发生。     

补体系统在青光眼视神经保护中的研究进展

青光眼是世界范围内导致不可逆失明的主要疾病,发病率逐年升高,视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)凋亡被认为是青光眼病变的最早形式。补体失调是青光眼早期视神经损害的特征改变,抑制补体系统能够阻止多种危险因素对RGC的损伤,可以在眼内压持续升高的情况下保护视网膜神经元树突和突触的完整性,阻止神经损伤进一步发展,是近年来青光眼视神经保护药物研发的热点。中草药来源的抗补体活性成分开发成本低,并可以直接在体内被利用,而且其对补体的调控是多成分,多途径的,因此,具有良好的应用前景。本文综述了补体系统在青光眼视神经损害中的病理机制和干预效应的研究进展,为进一步研究补体调控在视神经保护中的作用提供参考。     

Learning to live with a hand nerve disorder: A constructed grounded theory

Study DesignGrounded theory.IntroductionThe broader perspective of health offered by the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health has had a significant bearing on how we view the measurement of health outcomes after surgical or therapy interventions for peripheral nerve disorders affecting the hand. The value of the patient's perspective is now recognized and outcomes which reflect this are being advocated in the clinical management and support of this population.Purpose of the StudyThis qualitative study sought to explore the lived experience of a hand nerve disorder and in particular the impact on body structure/function, activities, and participation.MethodsIn depth, one-to-one interviews with 14 people with a range of hand nerve disorders were conducted. Constructivist grounded theory methods were used to collect and analyze the data. Patients were also given the option of taking photographs to visually represent what it is like to live with a nerve disorder, to bring with them for discussion during the interview.ResultsThe impact of hand nerve disorders forms part of a wider narrative on adaptation. A process of “struggling” and then “overcoming” was experienced. This was followed by an interior aspect of adaptation described as “accepting.” This gave rise to participants “transforming,” being changed as a result of the journey that they had been on.ConclusionsThis study provides an explanatory theory on the adaptive process following a hand nerve disorder which may inform future patient-therapist interactions.